Dichlobenil is a revolutionary herbicide that has gained immense popularity in weed control due to its efficacy and selectivity properties. It is quite unlike the other traditional herbicides in its approach as it uses an exceptionally new residue-free technology instead of many conventional approaches, earning it reliability in sustainable land management. In this agriculture blog, a scientific perspective on dichlobenil, its key features, and the industries that use it will be provided in detail. This extensive examination is perfect for you since it will help you increase agricultural yields, sustain landscapes, or lower a company’s negative environmental effects on the ecosystems. Overall, it provides the needed insights.
What Chapters and Articles Discuss 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile?
The most relevant chapters and articles discussing 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile include the research concerning its herbicidal properties and other studies dealing with its environmental fate. Among them are:
- “Chemistry, degradation, and mode of action of herbicides” – This chapter of the book concerns in detail the chemical characteristics of 2,6-dichloro benzonitrile, its mechanisms of action when used as a pre-emergent herbicide and its contributions to effective long-term weed control.
- “Environmental Fate of Dichlobenil (Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry)” – The authors in this publication focus more on the degradation pathways, persistence, and the environmental fate of dichlobenil, emphasizing its effects on soil and water systems.
- “Advances in Industrial Applications of Benzonitriles” – Emphasizes the agricultural application of this product but broadens the discussion to controlled vegetation management and use in non-crop applications.
These sources provide correct and synthesized information concerning the practical and environmental use of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile.
Key Sections in Scientific Articles on Dichlobenil
Environmental Impact Assessments
- In this subsection, we concentrate on the ecological effects of dichlobenil, such as its persistence in soil and water, leaching potential, and potential impacts on nontarget organisms. In most studies, the author relies on the available information concerning the biodegradation pathways of the compound and its role in aquatic biota.
Toxicological Profiles
- Papers in this regard address the effects of exposure to dichlobenil on humans and animals. They deal with the levels of acute and chronic toxicities, abnormalities, occupational exposure, and safety practices necessary in handling the compound.
Efficacy in Weed Control
- Dichlobenil has been demonstrated to be effective against certain weed types when used in agricultural and industrial settings. In all this, this section details the methods of how it is applied, the dosages recommended, and when coupled with other environmental factors, the end results of its use.
Regulatory and Risk Assessment Guidelines
- Covers the dichlobenil regulatory aspects within a national and International context. These include the permissible levels, safe application guidelines, and environmental risk minimization practices. The present insights are instrumental in compliance with legal requirements.
Understanding the Role of Dichlobenil in Herbicide Research
Dichlobenil is important to herbicide research because it proves to be effective in the control of intrusive plant growth, woody weeds, and even perennial ones. It works by inhibiting the process of cellulose gas biosynthesis, which is crucial for the development of the plant’s cell wall, leading to ceased crop growth. This specific mode of action, however, provides great utility in the control of invasive species and maintaining agricultural output. Research in disclosing focuses on dose regimens that would inhibit broader ecosystem damage while maximizing potency. Research of this type, in addition to its practical aspects, leads to the creation of new types of herbicides that can be safer and more environmentally friendly.
Where to Find Reliable Information on Dichlobenil?
Dichlobenil data, such as that collected by the National Pesticide Information Centre and PubChem, is not fully available and needs to be gathered from other sources, such as scholarly articles available in magazines like Weed Research along with NPR News, Environmental Protection Agency, and the European Chemicals Agency, all of which provide up to date news on this particular herbicide’s efficacy and ecosystem impact as well as guidelines, regulations and risk assessments regarding its use.
Research institutes, along with agricultural committees, shed light on its application trends alongside niche data regarding its commercial availability. Such a plethora of resources then grants researchers and practitioners the ability to reach an informed decision without having to worry about the accuracy or accuracy of substantiation for Dichlobenil’s claims.
How Does the Herbicide Function?
The Role of Dichlobenil as a Herbicide
Dichlobenil is best suited for use as a pre-emergent herbicide since it does not allow weeds to sprout out of the ground. It impedes the differentiation of vascular partitioning in the root system and, therefore, causes hindrance in root development and weed establishment. Such action is very effective for the control of most herbaceous and perennial woody weeds in non-crop areas such as paths, industrial structures, and horticulture. Such timing is then targeted at weed germination in order to attain the best results.
Mechanism of Action: Inhibiting Cellulose Synthesis
Disablement of the synthesis of cellulose disrupts the main ultrastructure of plant cell walls and compromises the growth and development of plants. The aseptic polysaccharide is made up of glucose monomer units and is synthesized via the activity of enzymes, cellulose synthase enzymes located in the plasma membrane. Selective herbicides were developed to inhibit cellulose biosynthesis targets and excise the activity of these enzymes, thereby inhibiting the formation of polymer chains of glucose into cellulose. Not having cellulose means plants will be unable to sustain their shape, which will cause a collapse of cell walls, inappropriate transport of water and nutrients, and eventually, death of the plants.
Such herbicidal modes of action have been characterized, and the studies of their efficiency have been extensively tackled. Thus, it is noted that herbicides that work by inhibiting cellulose biosynthesis can control more than 95% of a wide range of problematic weeds, especially perennials. The efficiency of this herbicide is attributed to the fact that it is cytocidal and targets all the actively dividing cells that are dependent on the synthesis of cellulose. They also have a high risk of environmental pollution but exhibit short permanence in the environment. Their soil degradation half-lives are mostly within the range of 15 to 30 days. Application rates are measured using grams of active ingredient per hectare, which were adjusted very carefully to the target plants so there are no problems with spatial distribution.
Such herbicidal mechanisms are of great benefit for the integrated control of weeds, particularly in non-crop parts, where treatments physically may not be applicable. These broad-spectrum weed-controlling agents are dependable as they are thoroughly researched and offer a peaceful solution to controlling unwanted flora by targeting and crashing the base level of a plant’s cell.
Identifying the Key Metabolites of Dichlobenil
After being applied, dichlobenil, along with its competitor, goes through a series of key metabolic transformations That are important in determining the resiliency of the herbicides and its adverse effects on the environment and its living organisms. The following metabolites listed below are formed due to the breakdown of dichlobenil:
- 2,6-Dichlorobenzamide (BAM): BAM is a key metabolite of the herbicide ester, and along with its application, it is the most studied BAM. Its formation is due to the hydrolytic breaking down of the ester; BAM is able to stay in the environment for longer periods and is very mobile in soil and water systems.
- 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic Acid (DCBA): This secondary metabolite is a result of the decomposition of BAM. It is significant, although less persistent than BAM, for the study of the complete degradation mechanism of dichlobenil.
- 4-Hydroxy-2,6-Dichlorobenzamide (4-OH-BAM): This effect is in part due to oxidative processes aimed to target the herbicide. Even though the compound of herbicide has a high activity, there is still some relevance to environmental degradation research.
- 2,6-Dichlorophenol (DCP): this compound is known as a precursor to the manufacture of dichlobenil; it is also classed as a minor metabolite when the compound is broken down. It is commonly used as a marker of breakdown or degradation but only in the early stages.
- Numerous Bound Residues: Minor portions of dichlobenil can be transformed through biotic or abiotic processes into bound residues which get assimilated into soil organic matter. Such residues are non-extractable and usually entail lower ecological risk. However, their non-extractable nature adds complexity to the degradation assessments.
For regulatory purposes, evaluation of exposure to the environment and development of mitigation measures warrants tracking of these metabolites. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) provides a more accurate and sensitive means of detecting and measuring these compounds.
What’s the Process Behind the Synthesis of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile?
Steps Involved in the Synthesis of 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile
Identify Necessary Raw Materials
- The synthesis begins with choosing the appropriate precursor, which is usually a compound of the benzene ring with groups that allow for bromination and nitration.
Bromination Process
- Chlorine atoms are directed to particular positions on the benzene ring, affecting selective chlorination and producing the target 2,6-dichlorobenzene derivative. Chlorinating agents can be used; however, these processes must be restricted in order to achieve the desired positions.
Nitration Process
- In this stage, the benzene ring that has already ended bromination is reacted with cyanide salt, replacing one leaving the group with a nitrile (-CN) group so as to make it functionalized. Sodium cyanide or any other cyaniding agents and an appropriate catalyst usually assist in this reaction.
Recovery and Separation of the Specific Compound
- In order to yield a high-purity compound appropriate for the application and for which it was made, 2,6-dichloro benzonitrile is subjected to recrystallization or distillation methods for removal of by-products and unreacted materials, followed by purification processes.
The Chemistry of Benzonitrile with Chlorines at Positions 2 and 6
Chlorine atoms at the 2 and 6 positions, alongside a nitrile functional group, give 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile its specific characteristics. These enhance its stability and reactivity, making it useful in organic synthesis. The compound is predominantly employed in the agrochemical sector, notably in the production of herbicides, which rely on its molecular architecture, which is crucial for attacking particular plant enzymes. Furthermore, this compound’s efficiency in practical scenarios is boosted by the strengthened affinity its chlorine atoms produce in chemical reactions.
Understanding the Role of Nitriles in Synthesis
Because of their multifunctionality, nitriles are vital in organic synthesis and serve as significant intermediately. I do appreciate, however, their amenability to such transformations as hydrolysis to carboxylic acids or reduction to amines. These features allow nitriles to be useful in the preparation of unsophisticated molecule constructions, including those in the pharmaceutical and material science industries.
What is the Mode of Action of Dichlobenil in the Environment?
How Does Dichlobenil Affect Soil Composition?
Dichlobenil inhibits soil composition chiefly by hurling the movement of terror plants once applied to them. It gets into the soil and disrupts the cellular processes of weeds and other plants as well. Over time, dichlobenil devolves into metabolites that combine with the soil. It helps in inhibiting the degree of growth of unnecessary plants, however, their long term persistence in the soil can influence microbial activity as well as nutrient content, hence microbal and nutrient management will be required in order to optimally enable a ecofriendly practice.
Impact on Groundwater: Solubility and Persistence
Dichlobenil leaching into groundwater can occur due to water’s moderate persistence in soil and aquatic environments where it is soluble as a result of its chemical structure because its solubility and persistence in these environments are not immediate but moderate to long. Dichlobenil Half-life in soils ranges between 21-217 days depending on the type of soil, microbial activity, moisture content, and other factors. With BAM being the subordinate metabolite, BAM has a lower MMW (Molecular Molar Mass) meaning it has a stronger bond compared to water and is harder to dissolve. BAM is said to be a water-insoluble compound.
The aqueous solubility of dichlobenil at 20 degrees Celsius is estimated to be 17 mg/L, and let us not forget about the soil BAM also persists under aquifer conditions and shows a steady microbial activity, which results in BAM persisting for several months to years. The amount of time BAM remains alongside the groundwater can more easily be contaminated over time, which seriously raises concerns over its intended purpose. It is worth noting that some European countries place a BAC limit of less than 0.1 micrograms per liter on BAM, further showcasing its extreme toxicity and cancerous potential. The regulations of monitoring BAM or any substances targeting AKT can be harmful and always need to be overmarked and consistently checked.
Lastly, sustainable agricultural and land management techniques, alongside the application of advances in nontoxic herbicides, can lead to the significant mitigation of groundwater contamination that dichlobenil may lead to.
Exploring its Decomposition into Metabolites
Dichlobenil’s decomposition into BAM is primarily done by microbial metabolism or chemical hydrolysis of water and soil systems. When exposed to general environmental circumstances, BAM is formed after hydrolytic cleavage of dichlobenil (2, 6-dichlorobenzamide). BAM is then created, which is then capable of existing in water and soil as BAM is a more soluble and stable compound than its parent compound. The process is dependent on pH, temperature, and diversity of microbes- higher microbial activity, for instance, tends to speed up the conversion. While these parameters should be controlled, it is also important to do so in order to evaluate and address the environmental and public health safety concerns regarding the buildup of BAM in the environment.
Are there Alternatives to This Pesticide?
Comparing Dichlobenil with Other Herbicides
Dichlobenil is usually evaluated relative to other herbicides in terms of its efficacy and environmental effects. While its use for controlling polycium plants and invasive species is beneficial, its environmental degradation, particularly in the MABm form, has some issues. Other compounds, such as glyphosate and pelargonic acid, are often used instead. Glyphosate has a broad spectrum and has a high short-term breakdown in soil hence the adverse effects are more temporal rather than permanent. Pelargonic acid is a natural product and may reduce its usage in tree-sensitive areas, but it may need more applications since it is not a persistent compound. Assessment of the herbicide use is usually based on the type of vegetation to be targeted, the place where it is to be applied ,and estimated risk consequences to the environment and human health.
Potential Substitutes in Agricultural Practices
The integration of alternative approaches into agricultural operations will allow them to lessen dependence on dichlobenil and lessen its environmental effects. Various herbicides and non-chemical approaches have been researched for the provision of adequate weed control while still emphasizing sustainability.
- Integrated Weed Management (IWM): IWM brings together different tactics, which include mechanical weeding, mulching, crop rotation, and selective herbicide application. For example, a 2022 study showed that planting cover crops like clover or rye in the rotation cycle has furthered profit by limiting weed demand up to 60% which in part decreases chemical treatments.
- Glyphosate: Glyphosate is usually the subject of criticism arising from worries about lethal effects, yet it is still widely regarded as an alternative to dichlobenil since it is dependable and quickly broken down in soil. Research estimates that the duration of glyphosate in most soil exceeds 1 to 130 days, a significantly smaller figure than dichlobenil’s. It has proved quite functionally valuable in managing annual and perennial weeds while at the same time finding broad-based applications in conservation agriculture systems.
- Pelargonic Acid: Pelargonic acid is considered nature’s herbicide that poses lesser risks to soil and water systems. Research has shown that pelargonic acid is able to achieve 85 percent control over young weed seedlings within horticultural settings. However, it is ineffective against established weed, thus requiring the process to be done multiple times, which will ultimately increase the total costs.
- Biological Control Agents: Biological control is the process of employing natural enemies, pathogens, or competition plants against weeds. Pseudomonas floridensis, for example, has emerged as a preferred agent for fungal control of invasive weeds. However, the use of biological agents is still being researched. Nevertheless, these agents are said to provide long-term solutions in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner.
- Precision Agriculture Technologies: The evolution of precision agriculture in the form of automated weed detection systems and site-specific herbicide applications is said to have reduced chemical usage to a great extent. Research asserts that sprayer technologies are said to save up to 30-50% herbicide compared to blanket applications, this in turn saves costs and reduces the overall environmental impact.
These alternatives mark the changing focus of having effective weed control methods while preserving the environment. Notably, the choice depends on factors such as the type of crop, scale of operations, and local ecological conditions. Lately, both scientific and agricultural advancement policies have been pointing to a shift towards more sustainable means of doing agriculture.
Environmental Considerations and Sustainability
Sustainable weed management’s main focus is to reduce the negative impact on the ecosystem while supporting farm output. Biological agents, along with precision agriculture technologies, are vital in curbing the ecological impact as they serve as suitable replacements for chemical herbicides. Such biological agents attack only the harmful weeds and do not interfere with non-targetally affected species or the surroundings. In turn, tools of precision agriculture enable farmers to control the application of chemicals and pesticides over specific areas, thereby avoiding excessive chemical leaching and soil erosion. When combined with good farming practices, the above strategies can ensure effective weed control while supporting long-term environmental protection.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: Could you explain what Dichlobenil is and how it works as a herbicide?
A: Herbicide Dichlobenil is a synthetic organic chemical that hampers plant growth by inhibiting cellulose production. It has an aquatic weed control application and is effective against aquatic organisms. It’s known for its low water solubility and ability to persist in soil for extended periods, which explains its effectiveness in restricting the growth of specific vessels.
Q: What are the physical characteristics of Dichlobenil, and how are they useful in its chemical herbicidal properties?
A: A stable nitrile that is chlorinated benzonitrile is made from carbon atoms inserted at positions 2 and 6 of a dichlobenil. This structure along with the CN molecules being attached, adds to the longevity of the compound. It’s effective for a considerable period due to these features and beneficial in maintaining critical environmental conditions, allowing it to retain its herbicidal properties.
Q: Can you walk us through Dichlobenil’s application process?
A: When working with or applying Dichlobenil, make sure to wear protective clothing, including eye guards, gloves, and masks. It’s also important to be careful with runoff as it can be dangerous to aquatic organisms. This herbicide should be used in areas where the temperature does not exceed 15 degrees C to prevent volatilization. Additionally, when working on crops, ensure to apply this substance before blossoming, as too much contact can interfere with knot formation. Aqueous suspension and granules are ideal for The use of This chemical substance.
Q: How is Dichlobenil harmful to the environment?
A: This chemical has low solubility in water, but on the flip side, it does bind well to soil particles, hence why dissociative is also effective in using it in the correct temperature conditions. The chemical also possesses high mobility in water, enabling it to degrade rapidly. Hydrolysis and oxidation are some of the processes through which it degrades, too. Usually, the semi-life of the soil is around quarters, but depending on multiple factors, it can vary.
Q: Is dichlobenil a cause of concern due to the residues that it leaves on the areas that have been treated?
A: There are some qualms concerning BAM, which is a metabolite of dichlobenil and can reach severe levels in treated land. However, Dichlobenil itself does not produce detrimental residues. Nonetheless, when BAM is used, there are concerns about the leeching of BAM into the aquifers, causing groundwater pollution, but in general, it is found that the BAM does not constitute excessive harmful residues when applied as per the instructions given on the label. Most therapeutic applications constitute minimal if any, environmental risk; nevertheless, dichlobenil residues can sometimes pose an issue, and it is critical to restrict their application and monitor the area where it has been used.
Q: Which herbicide ranks the best regarding its effectiveness in combating the growth of weeds and its ecological friendliness in comparison to others in the same strata?
A: With regard to its efficiency in managing a sizable variety of weed species, notably in the water, dichlobenil outperforms its competitors substantially, earning high credence and reliability. Its toxicity to other mammals, while still being of a moderate nature, keeps it in a favorable position when compared to BAM. Due to its sustainment and BAM, which is a metabolite of dichlobenil, BAM displays a probable leeching into groundwater, causing pollution; this is a cause for concern. The prolonged presence of the material BAM in the environment is both a negative effect and an upside when moderating weeds in soil intensively for prolonged periods.
Q: What role do amide hydrolases play in the metabolism of Dichlobenil?
A: Amide hydrolases play a vital role in the metabolism of Dichlobenil. In this regard, these enzymes are responsible for the hydrolysis of the nitrile group in Dichlobenil into its amide form (BAM). This conversion is a crucial step in the biodegradation process of Dichlobenil in both biotic and abiotic environments. Understanding these hydrolases’ activities is fundamental to developing insights into the environmental impact and consequences of using Dichlobenil.
Q: How does the synthesis of Dichlobenil occur, and what are the important processes involved in its synthesis?
A: The synthesis usually follows a synthetic pathway, which involves a number of organic reactions. One of the methods typically used for the synthesis of dichlobenil is the chlorination of benzonitrile, which forms bromine at the required positions on the benzene ring. The use of electrophilic aromatic substitution or metal-catalyzed halogenation can be included in the procedure. Attempted recrystallization or chromatography is frequently utilized to purify the finished product. The precise synthesis route employed would depend on the specific manufacturing method of the product.
Q: What are the methods employed to analyze and quantify the amount of Dichlobenil in environmental samples?
A: Environmental samples can be analyzed and quantified for the presence of Dichlobenil using gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and more commonly in conjunction with a mass spectrometer (MS) since this provides greater selectivity and sensitivity. Acetonitrile and acetate are commonly used as solvents during organic extraction. These methods allow for the identification of very low concentrations of Dichlobenil, which is very helpful in environmental monitoring and regulatory compliance verification.
Reference Sources
1. Title: Bi-Functional Manganese-Pyridine 2,6 Dicarboxylic Acid Metal-Organic Frameworks Employing Reduced Graphene Oxide as an Active Substance for Energy Storage and Water Splitting Applications
- Authors: S. Rajasekaran et al.
- Journal: Journal of the Electrochemical Society
- Publication Date: 2023-02-28
- Key Findings: This study investigates the fabrication of a composite material (Mn-MOF/rGO) demonstrating excellent specific capacitance and stability for energy storage applications. This paper’s research shows that in the presence of reduced graphene oxide, the electrochemical behavior of manganese-based frameworks is improved, which would be a plus in terms of energy storage and water-splitting technologies.
- Methodology: The authors have employed a hydrothermal- -synthesis technique in the formation of the composite and performed linear sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry to assess the electrochemical properties of the material synthesized (Rajasekaran et al., 2023).
2. Title: Effect of 2, 6-Dichlorobenzonitrile on Amoebicidal Activity of Multipurpose Contact Lens Disinfecting Solutions
- Authors: Eun-Kyung Moon et al.
- Journal: The Korean Journal of Parasitology
- Publication Date: 2018-10-01
- Key Findings: It was established during the study that DCB can enhance the amoebicidal property of contact lens disinfecting solutions when these are used in the inactivation of Acanthamoeba cysts. The improved disinfectant activity of DCB is of interest because it could be used as a contact lens solution disinfectant additive to treat amoebic infections.
- Methodology: According to Moon et al.(2018, pp. 491–494), the researchers evaluated different commercial disinfectants containing and not containing DCB; in this case, both cysts of Acanthamoeba were used- the immature and the mature one(Moon et al., 2018, pp. 491–494).
3. Title: Effects of 2, 6-dichloro benzonitrile on Pinus Bungeana Zucc Pollen Tube Growth
- Authors: Huaiqing Hao et al.
- Journal: PLoS ONE
- Publication Date: 2013-10-11
- Key Findings: Also, in this research, however, it was confirmed that DCB does not only inhibit cellulose synthesis but also organizes the cytoskeleton and translocated vesicles within Pollen tubes, which subsequently resulted in wider growth patterns. Additionally, the importance of polysaccharides in the development of pollen tubes and the regulation of their growth direction was indicated.
- Methodology: Additionally, fluorescence labeling and ultrastructural analysis were applied by the authors to visualize the alterations in the morphology and composition of the pollen tube post-DCB treatment (Hao et al., 2013).
4. Title: Odor System Dysfunction From Skin Exposure To a Chemical 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile ‘Dichlobenil’ In C57Bl Mice
- Authors: N. Deamer et al.
- Journal: Neurotoxicology
- Publication Date: 1994
- Key Findings: This study demonstrated for the first time that DCB dermal exposure caused damage to the olfactory epithelium of mice, suggesting potential neurotoxicity. Thus, the DCB impact seems to have a drastic effect on the sense of smell, and therefore, caution on its use at the workplace may be necessary.
- Methodology: The researchers supplemented the mice with different strengths of DCB through dermal applications and performed olfactory mucosa histological staining and immunocytochemical determination of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in order to see if there was damage (Deamer et al., 1994, pp. 287–293).
5. Title: The mechanisms behind the permanent loss of the sense of smell due to the herbicide 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile’s effect on stem cells and the lack of acute IL-6 inflammatory response
- Authors: Fang Xie et al.
- Journal: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
- Publication Date: 2013-11-01
- Key Findings: The present study aimed to investigate how DCB was neurotoxic and how it disrupted the olfactory receptor neurons. Their result indicates that DCB can exterminate these neurons and does not greatly initiate inflammatory responses.
- Methodology: The authors implemented mouse models to study the impact of DCB on the restoration of olfactory receptor neuron structures and the effect of inflammatory cytokines (Xie et al., 2013, pp. 598–607).
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