Irgafos 168 is a type of phosphite antioxidant extensively used in plastics and polymers to improve their stability and extend their lifespan. As a secondary antioxidant, it provides effective processing stabilization and long-term thermal stability by decomposing peroxides. Its unique chemical composition makes it extremely compatible with polyolefins, specifically polyethylene, polypropylene, and polybutene for various industrial applications. This guide will delve deeper into the properties, benefits, and uses of Irgafos 168, offering a comprehensive understanding of its role in the industry.
What is Irgafos 168 and Its Role as an Additive?
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Understanding the Composition of Irgafos 168
Irgafos 168, chemically known as tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, is a white, crystalline powder with a molecular weight of 646.83 g/mol. This phosphite antioxidant exhibits excellent solubility in most organic solvents and plastics due to its non-polar nature. It has a melting point in the range of 183-187°C, which makes it suitable for high-temperature processing operations. Irgafos 168 is stable under normal storage conditions but tends to decompose under high temperature, releasing phosphorous acid and its derivatives that act as antioxidants. This decomposition is a crucial aspect of its function as a processing stabilizer and long-term thermal stabilizer in plastics.
Exploring the Functionality of Irgafos 168 as an Additive
Irgafos 168 functions as an effective additive in the plastic industry primarily due to its exceptional antioxidative properties. As an antioxidant, it combats the harmful effects of oxidation that could compromise the integrity and durability of plastic materials. During the processing stages of plastic production, Irgafos 168 is added to prevent thermal degradation, thereby enhancing the stability and quality of the end product. Moreover, it works synergistically with primary antioxidants, improving their efficiency and extending the overall life of the plastic material. This attribute makes Irgafos 168 an indispensable component in the manufacturing process of various polyolefin materials, including polyethylene, polypropylene, and polybutene. This phosphite antioxidant not only ensures the longevity of the products but also contributes to their performance in different environmental conditions. In conclusion, the functionality of Irgafos 168 as an additive is crucial in maintaining the structural integrity and extending the lifespan of plastic materials.
Benefits of Incorporating Irgafos 168 as an Additive in Polymer Applications
The incorporation of Irgafos 168 as an additive in polymer applications is accompanied by numerous benefits. Firstly, it significantly enhances the thermal and oxidative stability of the polymers. This is particularly crucial during the processing stages where high temperatures are involved, ensuring the final product retains its desired properties and quality.
Secondly, Irgafos 168 is compatible with a wide variety of polymers, thereby offering a versatile solution for the stabilization of multiple polymer types. This broad-spectrum compatibility allows for its use in an array of industries, including packaging, automotive, and construction.
Thirdly, its synergy with primary antioxidants allows for an efficient antioxidant system. This results in fewer additives being required for effective stabilization, which can be a cost-saving strategy.
Lastly, it plays an integral role in improving the color stability of polymers. In the presence of Irgafos 168, polymers are less likely to discolor upon exposure to heat and oxygen, maintaining their visual appeal over extended periods.
In essence, the use of Irgafos 168 as an additive in polymer applications leads to improved product quality, versatility in application, cost-effectiveness, and enhanced aesthetic longevity, thereby making it a highly valuable asset in the polymer industry.
Factors Affecting the Degradation of Irgafos 168 in Plastics
The degradation of Irgafos 168 in plastics is influenced by a number of factors including:
- Temperature: High temperatures can expedite the degradation process of Irgafos 168. Prolonged exposure of the plastic to high heat can lead to a faster decay of the additive.
- UV Light Exposure: Ultraviolet light is known to affect the stability of many additives in plastics, including Irgafos 168. Increased exposure to UV light can accelerate degradation.
- Processing Techniques: The techniques used in the production and processing of the plastic can also impact the stability of Irgafos 168. Certain methods may expose the additive to conditions that promote degradation.
- Presence of Other Additives: The interaction of Irgafos 168 with other additives used in the plastic may affect its stability. Some combinations can increase the rate of degradation.
- Oxidative Environment: An environment with a high concentration of oxygen can compromise the stability of Irgafos 168, leading to quicker degradation.
- Moisture Content: High levels of moisture can also affect the stability of Irgafos 168 in plastics. Humid conditions can lead to increased degradation rates.
Overview of the Stabilizing Properties of Irgafos 168 in Polypropylene
Irgafos 168 is renowned for its remarkable stabilization properties in polypropylene. As a secondary antioxidant, it provides exceptional resistance to thermal degradation during processing, extending the durability and usability of the plastic. It does so by decomposing and neutralizing hydroperoxide, which are primary polymer degradation products. The effectiveness of Irgafos 168 is often enhanced when used in conjunction with primary antioxidants, creating a synergistic effect. This combination results in improved color stability, reduced gas fading discoloration, and enhanced long-term thermal stability.
Moreover, Irgafos 168 is known for its low volatility and high resistance to extraction, which adds to its efficiency as a stabilizer in polypropylene products. It is also compatible with a wide range of polymers and is particularly effective in polyolefins. As such, its usage spans across various applications, including fibers, automotive parts, and packaging materials, to name a few.
The data supports the broad usage of Irgafos 168 as a stabilizer in polypropylene. For instance, studies have shown that its inclusion significantly extends the induction period in OIT (Oxidative Induction Time) tests. Additionally, its presence has been found to substantially lower the rate of melt flow rate (MFR) increase during thermo-oxidative aging. These performance metrics clearly demonstrate the stabilizing strength of Irgafos 168 in polypropylene, making it an indispensable additive in the polymer industry.
Food Contact Applications and Safety Assessment of Irgafos 168
Assessing the Safety and Compliance Aspects of Irgafos 168 in Food Contact Applications
Irgafos 168 has gained widespread acceptance in food contact applications due to its robust safety profile. It is compliant with food contact regulations in various regions, including the US (FDA 21 CFR 178.2010), Europe (EU 10/2011), and China (GB 9685-2016), affirming its suitability for use in food packaging materials. Rigorous scientific studies have led to its classification as a food contact substance, with extensive toxicological data indicating that it has low acute toxicity and is not genotoxic. Chronic exposure studies have also demonstrated that Irgafos 168 has a low risk of long-term adverse health effects.
Moreover, migration studies have shown that the transfer of Irgafos 168 from packaging material into food is minimal, significantly below the specified maximum permitted levels. This low migration rate, coupled with its low toxicity, means that the risk to consumers is negligible under normal use conditions. It is for these reasons that Irgafos 168 is considered a safe and effective antioxidant for use in food contact applications, offering superior stability and longevity to polypropylene-based food packaging materials.
Understanding the Degradation Mechanisms of Irgafos 168 in Food Contact Substances
Irgafos 168’s superior performance in food contact substances is due, in part, to its resistance to degradation. This phosphite antioxidant decomposes at a slower rate compared to its counterparts, ensuring that the polymer properties are maintained over an extended period. Under normal conditions, its degradation leads to the formation of non-toxic residues that pose no risk to human health.
Exploring the Role of Irgafos 168 in Maintaining the Stability of Food Contact Articles
The primary role of Irgafos 168 in food contact materials is to provide stability and resistance against oxidative degradation, which can compromise the structural integrity of polymers. By neutralizing free radicals, Irgafos 168 effectively prevents polymer degradation, ensuring that food contact materials maintain their strength and durability, even under stressful conditions such as high temperatures and UV exposure.
Regulatory Standards and Guidelines for the Use of Irgafos 168 in Food Contact Applications
Regulatory bodies have specific standards and guidelines for the use of Irgafos 168 in food contact applications. In the US, the FDA permits its use under the code of federal regulations (CFR 21, 178.2010). Similarly, the European Union, under regulation (EU 10/2011), and China, via regulation (GB 9685-2016), have approved its use. These authorities have set maximum permitted levels for Irgafos 168, ensuring its safety in food contact materials.
Evaluating the Comprehensive Safety Assessment of Irgafos 168 by the Food and Drug Administration
The FDA’s comprehensive safety assessment of Irgafos 168 includes a thorough evaluation of its chemical structure, degradation products, use levels, and migration levels in food contact substances. Exposure estimates, toxicological data, and the results of chronic studies are also considered. Based on this rigorous assessment, the FDA has determined that Irgafos 168 poses a negligible risk to consumers under normal usage conditions in food packaging materials.
Technical Insights into the Molecular and Chemical Properties of Irgafos 168
Exploring the Structural Composition and Molecular Weight of Irgafos 168
Irgafos 168, chemically known as Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, is a secondary antioxidant composed of three 2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl groups attached to a phosphite group. Structurally, it’s characterized by the presence of aromatic rings with tert-butyl side groups which exhibit high resistance to oxidative degradation. The molecule’s empirical formula is C42H63O3P, and it possesses a molecular weight of approximately 647.9 g/mol. This high molecular weight contributes to its stability and low volatility, making it suitable for various applications. The chemical structure and molecular weight of Irgafos 168 play a crucial role in its performance as an antioxidant, affecting properties such as solubility, dispersion, and migration behavior in polymers.
Analyzing the Phenol Ester Characteristics and Volatility of Irgafos 168
Irgafos 168 exhibits phenol ester characteristics due to the chemical bonds between the phenolic groups and the phosphite unit. This ester linkage contributes to Irgafos 168’s hydrolytic stability and its effectiveness in neutralizing peroxides. Furthermore, its phenolic components are responsible for its secondary antioxidant behavior, which comes into play during high-temperature processing and extends the lifetime of polymers.
Despite its high molecular weight, Irgafos 168 exhibits relatively low volatility. However, it’s worth noting that the volatility of Irgafos 168 can be influenced by factors such as temperature and the nature of the substrate in which it is incorporated. In general, the volatility decreases with increasing molecular weight and polarity, a characteristic clearly demonstrated by Irgafos 168. This low volatility is a desirable attribute, minimizing loss during high-temperature processes and enhancing its overall performance in polymer stabilization.
Impact of Phosphite Antioxidants like Irgafos 168 on the Thermo-Oxidative Stability of Polymers
Phosphite antioxidants such as Irgafos 168 profoundly influence the thermo-oxidative stability of polymers, enhancing their durability and lifespan. These agents function by decomposing peroxides and minimizing the propagation of oxidative degradation. When polymers are exposed to heat, oxygen, and mechanical stress, a chain of oxidative reactions is initiated, leading to the breakdown of polymer chains and deterioration of material properties. Irgafos 168 intervenes in this process, acting both as a primary antioxidant to quench free radicals and a secondary antioxidant to decompose peroxides into non-reactive products. This dual function helps to maintain the integrity of the polymer, even under demanding conditions. Furthermore, the phosphite antioxidants improve color stability and resist gas fading, which are essential for maintaining the aesthetic qualities of polymer products. Therefore, Irgafos 168 effectively enhances the thermo-oxidative stability of polymers, improving their performance and extending their usable life.
Understanding the Residue and Catalytic Behavior of Irgafos 168 in Polymer Applications
Irgafos 168 exhibits distinctive residue and catalytic behavior in polymer applications, which significantly contributes to its effectiveness as a stabilizer. Upon incorporation into polymers, it tends to degrade into a series of phenolic antioxidants and phosphorous acid. These degradation products, though a minor residue, continue to provide antioxidant protection, thereby extending the stability of the polymer. Specifically, phenolic antioxidants produced from Irgafos 168 exhibit catalytic activity, which aids in the removal of peroxides, thus further preventing oxidative degradation of the polymer. Moreover, the phosphorous acid produced tends to act as a catalyst for transesterification reactions in the polymer, which can beneficially modify the polymer’s properties. Therefore, even the residues of Irgafos 168 contribute to the preservation of the polymer, further underscoring its essential role in polymer applications. Detailed studies and data analyses continue to explore these behaviors, shedding light on the comprehensive protective measures offered by Irgafos 168 in polymer stabilization.
Assessing the Hydrolysis Resistance and Thermostability of Irgafos 168 in Polymer Matrices
The hydrolysis resistance and thermostability of Irgafos 168 in polymer matrices are crucial parameters that define its versatility as an antioxidant. Irgafos 168 demonstrates a notable resistance to hydrolysis, maintaining its efficacy even in humid conditions or when exposed to water. This resistance is primarily due to its chemical structure, which inhibits the breakdown of the molecule in the presence of water, ensuring the continued antioxidant protection of the polymer. Moreover, Irgafos 168 exhibits exceptional thermostability. It does not decompose or lose its antioxidant properties when subjected to high temperatures typically involved in polymer processing. This thermostability further enhances the polymer’s lifetime and performance by preventing thermal degradation. Therefore, Irgafos 168’s hydrolysis resistance and thermostability make it an ideal choice for various polymer applications, notably those requiring exposure to moisture and heat.
Comparative Analysis: Irgafos 168 and Other Antioxidants in Polymer Industry
Comparing the Efficacy of Irgafos 168 with Other Phosphite Antioxidants in Polymer Processing
When comparing Irgafos 168 with other phosphite antioxidants used in polymer processing, several distinct advantages become apparent.
- Superior Hydrolytic Stability: As previously mentioned, Irgafos 168 exhibits excellent resistance to hydrolysis, outperforming many other phosphite antioxidants. Its unique chemical structure limits breakdown in moisture-rich environments, ensuring consistent antioxidant protection.
- Exceptional Thermostability: Irgafos 168 does not decompose or lose its antioxidant properties at high temperatures — a characteristic that is not universally shared among phosphite antioxidants. This makes it particularly suitable for processes that involve high heat.
- Enhanced Polymer Performance: The use of Irgafos 168 often results in improved performance of the polymer product. Its ability to prevent oxidative degradation enhances the mechanical, physical, and aesthetic properties of the polymer, making it more durable and effective.
- Broad Application Spectrum: Due to its optimal hydrolysis resistance and thermostability, Irgafos 168 can be utilized in a wider range of applications compared to other phosphite antioxidants. This includes applications that require exposure to moisture and heat.
In conclusion, Irgafos 168’s robust performance and versatility make it a superior choice in the polymer industry. Its benefits extend beyond basic antioxidant protection, enhancing the overall quality and lifespan of various polymer products.
Application-Specific Use Levels and Formulation Considerations for Irgafos 168 in Polymer Additives
When considering the application-specific use levels and formulation considerations for Irgafos 168 in polymer additives, several key factors come into play. Firstly, the percentage of Irgafos 168 typically used in a polymer formulation varies between 0.05% and 0.2%, depending on the specific application and processing conditions. The dosage is usually higher for polymers that are processed at high temperatures or have a higher degree of unsaturation.
Additionally, Irgafos 168 is often used in combination with hindered phenolic antioxidants to provide optimal oxidative stability. The synergistic effects of the two antioxidant types can greatly enhance the polymer’s resistance to heat aging and degradation.
When formulating with Irgafos 168, it is important to take into account its compatibility with the polymer matrix. It is soluble in a broad range of polymers due to its non-polar nature, but it may exhibit limited compatibility with highly polar polymers.
Lastly, it is critical to note that Irgafos 168 is a non-discoloring antioxidant, making it ideal for applications where color stability is important. However, it can degrade under UV radiation, resulting in some yellowing, so it should be used in conjunction with a UV stabilizer for outdoor applications.
Role of Irgafos 168 as a Secondary Antioxidant in Copolymer Formulations and Polymer Blends
As a secondary antioxidant, Irgafos 168 plays a crucial role in copolymer formulations and polymer blends, functioning primarily as a processing stabilizer. Its primary action is to decompose and neutralize hydroperoxides formed during the oxidation process. In copolymer formulations, it is particularly effective in preventing polymer degradation during high-temperature processing and enhancing the long-term thermal stability of the material.
In polymer blends, the use of Irgafos 168 is key to maintaining the integrity and longevity of the product. Its synergistic interaction with primary antioxidants allows for a broadened scope of protection, guarding against both process-induced and long-term thermal oxidation. This combination of primary and secondary antioxidants offers a comprehensive shield against degradation, thus ensuring the polymer blend’s performance and lifespan.
Considering the blend’s specific composition, understanding the interaction between Irgafos 168 and other components is vital. The compatibility of Irgafos 168 with different polymer matrices ensures that it can be effectively incorporated into various blend formulations, enhancing their stability and utility. However, for blends containing highly polar polymers, a careful evaluation of Irgafos 168’s compatibility is required.
Case Study: Extensive Review of the Application of AO-Stabilized Irgafos 168 in Polymer Industries
The application of AO-stabilized Irgafos 168 in the polymer industry has been thoroughly studied, with data demonstrating its exceptional performance in enhancing stability and longevity. In a recent investigation focusing on high-density polyethylene (HDPE), researchers observed significant improvement in the oxidative induction time (OIT) when Irgafos 168 was incorporated. The OIT, which serves as a measure of a material’s resistance to oxidative degradation, increased by up to 60% in HDPE samples containing Irgafos 168 as compared to those without.
Furthermore, in polypropylene (PP) formulations, Irgafos 168 was found to significantly boost the heat aging performance — a critical consideration in applications that require long-term thermal stability. When exposed to elevated temperatures over an extended period, the PP samples with Irgafos 168 exhibited superior color stability and retained more of their initial properties, underlining the effectiveness of Irgafos 168 as a stabilizing agent.
These findings underscore the efficacy of AO-stabilized Irgafos 168 in enhancing the performance of polymer materials, validating its widespread use in the industry. However, as the data indicate, the specific benefits and optimal usage levels may vary depending on the type of polymer and the processing conditions employed. Therefore, it remains crucial for manufacturers to conduct thorough testing to determine the most effective formulation for their specific requirements.
Understanding the Thermal Stability and Cumulative Effects of Irgafos 168 in Polymer Resins
The thermal stability and cumulative effects of Irgafos 168 in polymer resins hold substantial interest for manufacturers and researchers alike. This phosphite antioxidant (AO) is particularly renowned for its ability to resist thermal degradation, a property that boosts the resilience of polymer materials, particularly amid high-temperature processing or usage conditions.
The cumulative effects of Irgafos 168 in polymer resins are multi-faceted and extend beyond enhancing thermal stability. This additive also plays a pivotal role in preventing discoloration, maintaining the aesthetic appeal of polymer products over time. Moreover, it aids in preserving the mechanical and physical properties of the polymer, thereby extending its functional lifespan.
However, the cumulative impacts of Irgafos 168 are subject to various factors, including the type of polymer resin used, the specific processing conditions, and the concentration of Irgafos 168. Thus, manufacturers aiming to reap the maximum benefits from Irgafos 168 should take into account these factors and customize their approach accordingly. In conclusion, the thermal stability and cumulative effects of Irgafos 168 have significant implications for the performance and durability of polymer resins, making it a valuable addition to the manufacturing process.
Future Prospects and Innovations in Irgafos 168 Applications
Advancements in Irfaos 168 Technology for Enhancing Resistance to Oxidation and Ageing in Polymers
Emerging advancements in Irgafos 168 technology are projected to significantly enhance the resistance of polymers to oxidation and ageing. Recent studies have shown that the incorporation of microencapsulated Irgafos 168 can provide a controlled release of the antioxidant, thereby ensuring persistent protection against deleterious oxidative effects over an extended period.
Moreover, deploying advanced analytical techniques such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has enabled a more detailed understanding of the interactions between Irgafos 168 and polymer matrices. These insights could be instrumental in optimizing the efficiency of Irgafos 168 in preventing polymer ageing.
Research is also underway to develop synergistic formulations involving Irgafos 168 and other antioxidants. Early results suggest that these combinations could potentially yield superior protection against oxidative degradation and ageing, even in demanding environments.
Altogether, the ongoing advancements in Irgafos 168 technology underscore its role as a key enabler in enhancing the long-term stability and performance of polymers.
Exploring Innovative Formulation Strategies and Compatibility of Irgafos 168 with Emerging Polymer Matrices
Innovative formulation strategies are bringing a new dimension to the compatibility of Irgafos 168 with emerging polymer matrices. One such approach is the development of hybrid matrix systems. These systems aim to incorporate Irgafos 168 into the polymer chains, improving its distribution and thus enhancing the antioxidant efficiency. Additionally, strategies such as the use of sol-gel techniques are showing promise in enhancing compatibility, by creating a controlled environment for the reaction between Irgafos 168 and the polymer matrix.
Further, nanotechnology-based approaches are also being explored. The use of nano-carriers for the delivery of Irgafos 168 to specific sites within the polymer matrix can ensure localized protection against oxidation, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the polymer.
These innovative strategies not only improve the compatibility of Irgafos 168 with different polymer matrices but also open up avenues for the development of polymer composites with tailored properties. This underlines the potential of Irgafos 168 in driving advancements in polymer technology.
Role of Irgafos 168 in the Development of Sustainable Food Contact Packaging Materials
Irgafos 168 plays a pivotal role in the development of sustainable food contact packaging materials. As an effective antioxidant, it prevents the oxidation of polymers used in packaging, thus extending their lifespan and reducing waste. Irgafos 168 is particularly valuable in polyolefin-based packaging materials, where it hinders the auto-oxidation process, ensuring the integrity and safety of packaged food products. Moreover, it contributes to the recyclability of these materials, as it maintains the polymer properties during the recycling process. This is crucial in the context of a circular economy, where the aim is to reuse and recycle materials as much as possible. Additionally, Irgafos 168 is compliant with food contact regulations, further substantiating its role in sustainable food packaging. The application of Irgafos 168, therefore, not only enhances the performance and longevity of food contact packaging materials but also aligns with the global drive towards sustainability.
Environmental Impact Assessment and Recycling Considerations for Irgafos 168-Containing Polymers
Environmental considerations are integral to the use of Irgafos 168-containing polymers. Given the compound’s effectiveness as an antioxidant and its subsequent widespread use, understanding its environmental footprint is crucial. The production of Irgafos 168, like other industrial processes, results in some greenhouse gas emissions. However, these are mitigated by the extended lifespan of the polymers it is added to, reducing the rate at which they need to be replaced and hence, lowering the overall emissions.
Moreover, Irgafos 168 supports recyclability, a key aspect of environmental sustainability. By preserving the properties of polymers during the recycling process, it enhances the quality of recycled materials, enabling them to replace virgin materials in new products. This circular approach significantly reduces resource consumption and waste generation. However, it is important to ensure effective separation and treatment processes to prevent any potential contamination in the recycled products.
Overall, while Irgafos 168-containing polymers have environmental impacts, they also play a vital role in promoting a more sustainable, circular economy. Ongoing research and development should aim to further optimize their environmental performance, ensuring a balance between their functional benefits and ecological effects.
Future Regulatory Trends and Anticipated Advancements in the use of Irgafos 168 in Polymer Industry
As we move forward, regulatory trends are expected to shape the use of Irgafos 168 in the polymer industry. Stricter environmental regulations could necessitate enhancements in production processes to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, regulations may focus on improving the recyclability of Irgafos 168-containing polymers, imposing standards for the quality of recycled materials and implementing more robust systems for contamination control.
In terms of advancements, research is heavily oriented towards synthesizing Irgafos 168 more efficiently and with fewer byproducts. Also, innovative methods are being explored to make the recycling process of these polymers more effective and less energy-intensive. For instance, advancements in separation and treatment technologies could lead to a higher purity of recycled materials, thereby improving their usability.
In summary, the future of Irgafos 168 in the polymer industry will likely be shaped by a combination of evolving regulatory frameworks and technological advancements. Both of these factors are aimed at enhancing the environmental performance of Irgafos 168-containing polymers, without compromising their essential role in antioxidant protection and longevity.
References
- An Irgafos® 168 story: When the ubiquity of an additive prevents studying its leaching from plastics – This academic article explores the ubiquity of Irgafos 168 in the laboratory workplace as well as its leaching from plastics.
- Degradation of Irgafos 168 and migration of its degradation products from PP‐R composite films – The study discusses the degradation behaviors of Irgafos 168 and its effects when combined with nanocopper.
- Identification of a leachable compound detrimental to cell growth in single-use bioprocess containers – The source explores the impact of oxidized Irgafos 168 on cell growth and the benefits of its use in terms of cost and environment.
- Spectrophotometric determination of Irgafos 168 in polymers after different sample preparation procedures – An academic journal that studies the analysis of Irgafos 168 in polymeric materials.
- Migration of antioxidant additives from various polyolefinic plastics into oleaginous vehicles – This paper explores the migration of Irgafos 168 from various plastics.
- Studying and increasing light stability of rotomolding grade of polyethylene – The article discusses the role of Irgafos 168 in enhancing light stability in polyethylene.
- A rapid ultrasonic extraction technique to identify and quantify additives in poly (ethylene) – This source explores a technique for identifying and quantifying Irgafos 168 in polyethylene.
- Chemiluminescence from poly (styrene-b-ethylene-co-butylene-b-styrene)(SEBS) block copolymers – The study explores the use of Irgafos 168 in a phenol–phosphite stabilization system.
- Modelling of thermal oxidation of phosphite stabilized polyethylene – The paper discusses the role of Irgafos 168 in the thermal oxidation of polyethylene.
- Organic secondary ion mass spectrometry: sensitivity enhancement by gold deposition – The study explores the use of Irgafos 168 in the metal evaporation procedure.
These sources provide a comprehensive view of the uses and benefits of Irgafos 168, spanning a range of applications and industries. They have been selected for their credibility and relevance, providing valuable information for anyone interested in this product.
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